World war I is considered one of the bloodiest wars ever...

World war I is considered one of the bloodiest wars ever fought in the history of the world. A major contributor to the death toll of this war was the new tactic of trench warfare. Trench warfare is a battle strategy using man made trenches and weapons to attack and take the enemy’s trench. This battle strategy combined with the use of new war technology, and the living conditions in the trenches resulted in one of the deadliest wars ever fought by mankind. For about four years France and Germany used trench war as their war tactic. The soldiers were told to dig the trenches for temporary shelter from gunfire. The trenches would provide a sufficient amount of cover as long as a soldier would duck. The trenches where long zig-zagging†¦show more content†¦Another way that this was an inefficient method was the tedious action of putting on masks. In 1916 tanks started being used as an offensive battle method. At first they were used incorrectly by the british, but in 1917 they helped them shatter a six mile front. The tanks were deadly and almost invincible when used correctly. The technology used to defend the army against the attacking enemy also used different weapons. For example, Barbed wire would protect against enemy attacks on the trenches. The barbed wire was a very intimidating tactic to the soldiers because of the fear of becoming entangled. If a trench is taken over, there are second and third lines of trenches that the soldiers can retreat to. When their trench is taken over, the army that was pushed back would try to regain their trench and advance upon the enemy. The living conditions in the trenches where never sufficient enough for living in, especially when the soldiers had to stay in them for a few years. The trenches where just ditches in the ground with no sleeping arrangements. Many of the soldiers would go days without sleep. The rations of food that the soldiers received were often boring and sometimes inedible because they were rarely given fresh food. This would limit a soldier’s stamina in battle and make it more likely for that soldier to get killed. TheShow MoreRelatedEssay about The War of Rebellion: The Civil War1260 Words   |  6 PagesThe Civil War was a very significant war that resulted in making the nation and the government stronger. Peculiarly both sides had very different views on what caused the war, what they wanted out of the war, and what the war meant resulting in what is considered the bloodiest war in America’s history, around six hundred thousand Confederate and Union soldiers died in battle. Wh at did they all die for though? Depending on whether you were from the North or the South the answer to this question wouldRead MoreThe War Of The United States1412 Words   |  6 PagesThe Civil War of the United States, a war that stretched on for a period of four years, was among the worst events ever to occur in American history. The casualties marked by far, the bloodiest in America’s involvement in wars at six-hundred twenty-thousand military soldiers dead. To this day, it is known as one of the most memorable wars in our history. But is that why this war is so well remembered? The strikings of terror and death hold a heavy grip throughout the course of history worldwide,Read MoreThe Legacy Of Super Power3409 Words   |  14 PagesAmerica is considered one of the greatest nations on the planet not only because of its well-known history of accomplishments but its history in War. The title of â€Å"Super Power† has been aimed at us more than other nations. Americ a has proved to be successful in wars and that is something to hold onto and keep. The U.S.A. has its own Hall of History and historical wars, like the war of a Revolution, which gave us our independence of freedom from Great Britain (1600’s), the Civil War, which was a war foughtRead MoreThe Armenian Genocide And The Decline Of The Ottoman Empire1671 Words   |  7 PagesI. The primary underlying cause of the Armenian genocide derived from the decline of the Ottoman Empire towards the end of the 19th century, and was based on land dispute, religion, and ultra-nationalism. â€Å"One of the main factors that led to the Armenian genocide is to be found in the mental conditions and characteristics of Turkish National identity† (AkcÃŒ §am, 2004, 59). The Armenians have claimed their home in the southern Caucasus since 7th Century BCE. Throughout many centuries, the MongolRead MoreAnalysis of The Gettysburg Address Essay1435 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis of The Gettysburg Address In the early days of the United States, loyalty to one’s state often took precedence over loyalty to one’s country. The Union was considered a â€Å"voluntary compact entered into by independent, sovereign states† for as long as it served their purpose to be so joined (Encarta). Neither the North nor South had any strong sense permanence of the Union. As patterns of living diverged between North and South, their political ideas also developed marked differencesRead MoreGermany s Geographical Features Of Germany1615 Words   |  7 PagesThe country I was assigned to research is Germany. Germany’s geographical features are its rivers such as the Elbe River, the Danube River, the Weser River and the Rhine River. Germany was by poor and weak areas that made it quite easy for imperialism to occur. Nonetheless, being by the water as a coast was really beneficial to Germany, These Rivers helped Germany with receiving and trading things such as health supply, weapons and food. In 1914, Germany’s population was recorded at 67 million andRead MoreThe Pointless Slaughter 1179 Words   |  5 Pagesthe validity of the statement in relation to WWII To a significant extent, the Second World War can be characterised as ‘pointless slaughter’ through the Battle of Stalingrad, the bombing in Dresden and the Blitz in Britain. However, the U-boats necessitated violence in order to achieve a strategic aim, challenging the pointless notion of the aforementioned statement. (48words) The battle at Stalingrad fought during the winter of 1942 to 1943 is argued to be the turning point of WWII in EuropeRead MoreThe Abraham Lincoln s Childhood1317 Words   |  6 Pagesof floating driftwood that had washed up on the towns shores† (11) In New Salem Lincoln set up as a store clerk to try to support himself. When the Black Hawk War broke out in 1832, he became the captain of his volunteer company, serving but seeing no active duty â€Å"never even saw a hostile Indian† (17). After serving in the Black Hawk war, Lincoln made first his first run for elected office. In his first run he was unsuccessful, but two years later, he ran again and was victorious At the same timeRead More Civil War Essay2497 Words   |  10 Pages The United States Civil War: A Time of Change and Equality for All nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The United States Civil War, which lasted from 1861 to 1865, represented a time of major change around the world. This civil war that absorbed our nation during the mid 1860s not only fought for the rights of African Americans in the United States but for the rights and respects of African Americans around the globe. These times of fighting altered the lives of women living in a strongly patriarchalRead MoreThe War Of World War II Essay2001 Words   |  9 PagesWorld War II is known as the largest and bloodiest war in history. Well over 50 million people died in the six years of the war claiming the most lives in any war in history. The War consisted of the Allies and the Axis Powers. The Allies being Great Britain, France, the Soviet Union, The United States, and China and the Axis Powers being Germany, Japan, and Italy. Despite the many countries that participated in the war, Germany and the Nazi party were considered to be the main enemy. Many great

Racial Identity And Ethnicity Identity - 1626 Words

This paper examines how and when I realized my identity of how I saw myself and how others saw me when I was a child. I examined my identity by my gender identity, racial identity, and my ethnicity identity. I describe my earliest memory of realizing my gender identity by remembering when I realized I was a woman. I discuss how I became to learn about my racial identity and ethnicity identity by going to school with various people. I then describe how the aspects of my gender identity and racial identity did and did not influence my leisure and life pursuits. My racial identity and gender identity did not influence much of my leisure and life pursuits in my life, I was mostly influenced by my upbringing. Identity Realization†¦show more content†¦I liked to engage in games and activities that were more physical. I was a very athletic child, which made me want to participate in physical sports. I also saw myself as a very independent child, by be able to doing activities on my own. The way other people saw me was also as a tomboy because of my appearance and actions. An individual s gender identity is not about their sex ,being male or female, but it is what an individual expresses on how they look, act, and feel. People are either born male or female, but through life we learn to develop to become masculine and feminine traits by socialization we are given when growing up. Although there are different levels of how people identify with masculine or feminine traits. The idea of gender roles is indicated to the behavior and attitude patterns that are separately presented by the sexes. Socialization establishes the patterns and affects the lifestyle and attitudes for men and women. I found that in your childhood years you start to develop and are aware of gender-stereotyped behaviors, you begin this realization around the ages of two or three. There has been a good amount of research done on how an individual s gender identity is influenced by their leisure behavior. â€Å"However, while more recent studies in general suggest gender is a less limi ting factor in leisure choices andShow MoreRelatedRacial Identity And Race And Ethnicity957 Words   |  4 Pagestogether as one group, and labelled with a â€Å"race.† Most assume that race and ethnicity have virtually the same definition and use the two terms interchangeably; however, ethnicity and race are two extremely diverse concepts that are frequently misconstrued by the general public. Race is the idea that people who look similar share similar backgrounds; however, genetically, this is not always the case. More accurately, ethnicity acknowledges both where a person comes from and their beliefs, practices,Read MoreImportance Of Race Ethnicity : An Exploration Of Asian, Black, Latino, And Multiracial Adolescent Identity Essay1047 Words   |  5 PagesHatice Kara September 12th, 2015 Dr. Wang Article Critique #1 Importance of race-ethnicity: An exploration of Asian, Black, Latino, and Multiracial adolescent identity Article source- Charmaraman, L., Grossman, J. M. (2010, April). Importance of race-ethnicity: An exploration of Asian, Black, Latino, and Multiracial adolescent identity. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 16(2), 144-151. doi: 10.1037/a0018668 (a) Contextual information about the purpose/intention of this study:Read MoreRace Construction Essay1335 Words   |  6 PagesEthnology Draft Racial constructions in the United States beyond white and black Race construction in the United States has been socially constructed since the founding of the republic. Racial differences and the development of various ethnic identities have been affected by the rigidity of racial categories in the United States, these include American Indian or Alaskan Native, black or African American, Native Hawaiian or other Asian Pacific Islander, and white. The racial divide in the UnitedRead MoreEthnic And Racial Identity During Adolescence Into Young Adulthood855 Words   |  4 PagesThe peer reviewed article â€Å"Ethnic and Racial Identity During Adolescence into Young Adulthood: An Integrated Conceptualization† is a well written article on the struggle that people of color face when coming face to face with their identity in social situations. Umana-Taylor, Quintana, Lee, Cross, Rivas-Drake, Schwartz and Seaton (2014) analyzed ethnic and racial identity or ERI and how it relates to important developments and issues from early childhood well o n into young adulthood. They workedRead MoreThe Theory Of Social Class1128 Words   |  5 PagesAnother factor that affects identity is social class. The Marxism assumption is that socio-economic position is a fundamental element to shape identity. People are not individuals, but part of a class. The Marxist ideology is that of â€Å"false consciousness†, this meaning that some classes, the lower, working class, are not aware of the position they have to society. As a result, this is why they often work in jobs that are underpaid. Some Marxist theorists believe that class identity is procreated in cultureRead MoreDiversity, Racial, And Cultural Factors1277 Words   |  6 Pagespersonal lives. It is a therapist responsibility to acknowledge and recognize ethnic, racial, and cultural factors, which are significant to the therapeutic relationship. By keeping in mind and considering the importance and the impact of the supportive community in which the client may be involved wi th. The purpose of this paper is to address and examine the five groups (ethnicity, language, multicultural identities, sexual orientation, spirituality and religion) and the three dimensions of multiculturalRead MoreEthnic Variability Of Hispanic Latino936 Words   |  4 Pagesethnic aspects of Latino/Hispanic identity as part of this governmental decree: â€Å"The racial and ethnic categories set forth in the standards should not be interpreted as being primarily biological or genetic in reference† (The White House.org, 2015, para.17). Therefore, 1997 was the specific date in which this policy became active in distinguishing race from ethnicity in population variability in the Hispanic/Latino community. In terms of Hispanic/Latino identity, the five most common subgroups areRead MoreSelf Identification : Impact On Trait Anxiety, Social Anxiety And Depression1245 Words   |  5 Pagesindividuals. This scientific study was designed to determine if the ethnicity that biracial individuals chose to identify themselves as impacted their psychological test scores. This study was also designed to observe if the pressure from other individuals of which race is accepted upon a biracial person causes high or low test scores on the psychological test. This article discusses the different affects that being pressured to choose an identity has on a biracial individual. The scientific study withinRead MoreAnalysis Of `` American History `` By Judith Ortiz Cofer1475 Words   |  6 Pageswith his stance against racial discriminations and prejudice. However, Cofer lacks the understanding of discrimination towards her culture, race, and gender. Rather than collectively facing the tragedy of JFK’s death, she is more taken by her own tragedy; being shunned by the mother of her neighborhood crush, Eugene. Recognizing that Cofer is ignorant to racial prejudice, her mother warns her of visiting Eugene’s house because evidence from the text divulges that ethnicity drives people to discriminateRead MoreEssay about Race and Ethnicity in Social Sciences877 Words   |  4 PagesUse of the Terms Race and Ethnicity in the Social Sciences Defining identity can be complex and therefore we have to investigate the factors involved that make us who we are and how we are seen by others, collectively or individually. Social scientists have to consider the key elements which shape identity, the importance of social structures and agency involved. The differences and/or similarities between us are the focus that categorise and label us in society. Knowing who we are is important

Planning Tools And Techniques For Toyota Motor

Question: The presentation is primarily assessed on presentation technique. Your tutor will make suggestions on improving the academic quality of your assignment. Answer: Introduction Toyota Australia is one of the leading companies that have been successfully selling quality cars to the clients. The company believes in analysing and implementing innovation strategic plans through which the tasks can be achieved. Objective of the company is to adopt and implement the best strategies through which the objectives to serve maximum number of clients and offbeat the challenges are overpowered. This is quite important from the business success point of view. The company has introduced wide range of new cars for the clients that also include hybrid vehicles that consume less fuel. Besides this, the new vehicles have the ability to provide better services. This is one of the reasons the scanning is done, which will help in increasing the production activities without increasing the operational activities. For this it is necessary to analyse and introduce effective planning methods, tools and techniques. These factors will help in overpowering the challenges that are assoc iated with the competition and the rival companies. Through such process, the company find the better methods through which the gaps between the performance and the set objectives, analysis of the past, present, and future performance, and other factors are taken into consideration. This is being done with an intention of increasing the performance and introduces new and better products that will cater the needs of the clients. The issues that are expected to impact the performance of the company has to be analysed, before framing the goals and the plans that will be suitable for the organization. The changes that are intended to be implemented by the company are introduced in terms of values, mission, and changes in the production activities (Aaldehayyat and Anchor, 2008). Operational activities are quite important for the successful business operational activities. This is one of the reasons; the management of the company adopt effective standardised methods for improving the production activities. The changes are introduced after analysing the challenges and gathering the feedback from the concerned parties. This is considered to be one of the important factors that help in adopting and implementing the right states through which the required changes can be implemented. The organizational plan is developed and implemented on the long term basis, and the challenges that are expected to be faced in this process are analysed. A plan that has been set forth by the management has to be rationale and shouldnt be based on the perceptions at all. The objectives of the managers are to reduce the occurrence of the current problem that has a direct impact on the performance or production activities. In this case issues related to sales reduction, less profit earnings ratios, and other factors are analysed. Future problems like the increasing production expenses have to be evaluated in advice. For this, the statistical methods for planning are implied. Such steps are taken to introduce better steps for increasing the production activities, without affecting the quality of services and relationship with the clients. With the help of the strategic planning it is possible for the management of the company to develop strategic plans that will improve the quality of decision making. In the strategic decisions, plans are prepared at each stage of the production activities. This is done to analyse the changes that is implemented by the management (Ambrosini, and Bowman, 2003.). Evaluation of the ability of the company Toyota Australia has been functional 1963. The company has been manufacturing and selling different types of cars that will cater the needs of the clients with different requirements. This is one of the reasons; the management of the company has been successfully working on different plans through which the strengths and weakness of the company can be analysed. For this, it is necessary to conduct the audit through which the strengths of the management and the production activity can be analysed. In this process, the importance of the planning for increase in the quality of the production activities cannot be overlooked. The company follows different types of strategies, and it is necessary to identify and evaluate the tools and techniques that help in improving the performance. The tools are distinct from each other, and have to be included in the strategic and the operational activities that are used for decision making. The selection of the tools has to be done with care and effor ts to gather the correct information. Some of the methods that are included in the process are critical questions, gap analysis, product market matrix, and others (Baumgartne et al., 2005). However one of the most important factors is the critical question analysis, which helps in evaluating the impact of the decision that has been taken by the management. In this process, the critical questions related to the production process decided to be followed by the company has to be analysed. In this process the below mentioned questions are analysed 1. Analysing the objectives of the company - Here, importance is given to find the answer about the questions that are related to the production process and activities that has been intended to be followed by the company. Toyota Australia believes in rendering the best possible services to the clients, and for this it is necessary to analyse the challenges that are expected to be faced at the time of implementing the changes for the production department. The steps that needs to be followed for achieving the objectives of the company has to be analysed, as this will help in accomplishing the task that has been set forth by the management. The future of the company as decided by the members is to render quality and reliable services to the clients (Becker et al., 2003). 2. Evaluate the present situation - At present, the changes that are intended the management and the process adopted by the company to be implemented by the company has been done after analysing the present situation and performance. The answers related to the production process and the steps that has to be followed for increasing the production process is analysed. This is done with an intention of finding the answers to the questions through which the production activities can be improved. In this process, the level of the production activities that needs to be followed for increasing the production process has to be decided. The goals have to be communicated with the stakeholders, members, and the staffs of the company. This will help in improving the quality of the production process that has been intended to be adopted by the company. 3. Analysing the environmental challenges - This includes evaluating the changes in terms of competition, changes in the expectations of the clients, increase in the raw material costs, and other factors. Through this method, it is possible for the company to accomplish the task, without affecting performance of the company. In this case, it is essential to evaluate the internal and external factors that can directly affect the performance of the company. These factors are considered to be essential for increasing the production activities, and making the necessary changes through which the quality of the production activities can be increased. The questions are related to the process that needs to be adopted for making the changes and the techniques that will be followed for increasing the production activities (Carvalho and Ferreira, 2001). 4. Changes - Planning is quite important to decide upon the changes that would have to be implemented for accomplishing the tasks that has been set forth by the company. The changes have to be made after evaluating the time that will be required for implementing the changes. This is one of the important tools, and the techniques needs to be simple and effective, as this will help in accomplishing the task that has been set forth by the company. Tools for analysing the problem related to planning This is one of the most important tools through which the essential changes can be implemented by the management. In this process, the tools are used for effectively solving the problem and making the corrective steps through which the issues can be handled in the best possible manner. In this method the company considers the management science, which is one of the most important and essential tools through which the changes can be implemented. For this, the changes expected to be implemented has to be drafted and introduced. Management science is a term that has been referred to as the quantitative method that is based on different models that has been adopted for making the business decision. For this, the management of the company choose one of the following tools and techniques Adopting effective management science for quantitative tools. Implementing the decision models Decision making process that is used for substituting the changes that are required for implementing the changes (Clark, 2007). Some of the techniques that are adopted by the company in solving the program related to planning and implementation include - 1. Break-even analysis - In this method, the management of Toyota can determine the number of cars or units manufactured by the company has been sold to the clients. Such a determination is quite important for the management as this will help in analysing the challenges and the future changes that can be implemented by the management. 2. Linear programming - Through this process, the management of the company choose to adopt and implement an effective strategy through which the resource allocation can be conducted. This is one of the most important factors as it will help in redoing the operational expenses that can reduce the profit earning merging for the management. In this case, it is essential to determine the best policies and steps that can be followed for implementing the changes that are required for improving the quality of services that are required to be provided to the company (Frost, 2003). Conduct of audits by the company The performance of the company has to be evaluated through the audit process. in this method, the strategies that has been followed by the company for decision making has to be analysed and the corrective steps needs to be implemented for making the changes. The available resources with the company have to be used in an effective manner. For this, the challenges that are faced by the company for implementing the changes have to be designed and implemented in the right manner. Conducting the organizational audit has to be included in the plan. This will help in analysing the strengths and the weakness of the company. This is one of the most important factors for introducing the required changes in the marketing plan. Through the audit process, the company develops and implement effectives strategies for improving the production activities. The management of Toyota believes in improving the quality of services and products that has been rendered to the clients. In this case, the challe nges that are faced by the management have to be analysed and the corrective steps needs to be taken for improving the production process. It includes analysing and implementing the corrective steps through which the changes in the designs and other factors can be introduced by the company. Based on the findings it is necessary to make the necessary changes or recommendations that will help in increasing the production activities. Such changes are implemented with an intention of increasing the future production activities for the company. In the structure approach, the data are collected and the same is analysed in the right manner. This is done with an intention of making the required changes in terms of the production activities those incudes implementing the design change. Such factors are required for introducing better Custer services that is required for attracting the customers. It is quite challenging to handle the complex business environmental factors. For this, the facto r that impacts the process off decision making has to be analysed. This will help in making the right decision that is required for successful business operational activities (Fuld Company, 2003). In case of the internal audit, the ability of the management to perform different activities within the company is analysed. This has done to find the details related to the controllable variables. Such factors also include analysing the changes in the price, labour cost, management changes, and other facts that can directly impact the performance of the company. The audit is conducted to find the areas of concerns as this will help in finding the relevant information about the areas which needs to be improved. Some of the uncontrollable variables include Policy change The changes implemented by the federal authorities can directly affect the performance of the company. In this case, there has to be a backup plan that needs to be created to help the management to cope with such changes. Such factors are quite essential and it needs to be analysed in the right manner. Change in the economic condition - Changes in the economic condition of the country can directly impact the performance of the company. In this case, it is necessary to ensure that the necessary changes are implemented to cope or handle such variations. During recession, buyers are unwilling to invest in the purchases of the goods and services. Thus, it is necessary to analyse the changes that needs to be implemented for the purpose of making the required changes through which the quality of the services can be improved (Haberberg, and Rieple, 2001). Labour market In order to carry out the reduction activities in an effective manner, it is necessary to ensure that the task is performed by exerts. For this, it is essential to hire a team of excerpts who can improve the quality of production activities, and reduce the operational activities. External audits In this case, the management of the company conduct a research on different factors like 1. Environment - The environmental factors include changes that are associated with the challenges that are related to the production activities. In this case, the management of the company has to prepared and solved in the right manner. For this, the company predicts the challenges that are expected to be faced by the management in future. Based on the findings, the management of the company attempt to find the right solution through which the issue can be sorted out in the best possible manner. Some of the environment factors include changes in the customer behaviour and preferences, price variations, introduction of new designs by the company, and others. 2. Completive variables - In this case, the changes in the level of competition are analysed. For this, the necessary changes in terms of implementing changes to cope with the competitive variables are analysed. For doing so, the management of the company has to prepare a backup plan through which the changes in the process can be analysed and the corrective steps can be implemented. Some of the important competitive factors include market changes, customer expectations, deliverance of high quality goods and services, and others. These factors are quite important for the managements and the same needs to be considered at the time of planning and implementing the changes that are required for the successful business operations (Knott, 2006) 3. Market factors - The market factors includes changes in the price of the raw materials, supplier relationship with the company, and other factors. These factors are quite important for the successful business operational activities. Besides this, the change that has to be implemented by the company has to be done after understanding the changes that will have to be implemented for introducing the changes. Marled factors play a key role in the development and implementation of the changes that are necessary for introducing the technical changes through which the production activities for the company can be increased. Plans to keep up with the stakeholders perception The stakeholders for the company are quite important and play a key role in the development and implementation of the right strategies for the development of Toyota. In this case, the strategy that has been proposed to be developed by the company has to be done after analysing the changes that are expected to increase the production activities for the company. Some of the strategies that are basically concentrated upon includes operational and communication. These factors are considered to be quite important and impact the performance of the business. For introducing the right type of changes it is essential to analyse the future growth of the company. The major strategy changes needs to be implemented after analysing the feedback that has been received by the company (Liebpwitz 2006). Communication strategy In this method, the management of the company adopts and implements an effective strategy that will help in increasing the production activities. This is one of the necessary steps as the company intends to reach out to maximum number of clients at the short span of time. Customers of the company are also considered to be the stakeholders and this is one of the reasons the management intends to provide the best possible services to the existing and potential clients. For this, the necessary steps for increasing the quality of the production activities are designed and implemented by the management. This will be helpful in coping with the requirements of the hybrid market requirements. Also an effort has been made to cope with the branding, promotional, and advertising process. These factors together play a key role. The number of competition has increased in the car industry, and this is one of the reasons the management work towards providing the best possible services through which the customers can be retained with the company. This is one of the reasons the quality of communication that is adopted by the company needs to be effective. Communication has been done with an intention of sharing the right type of information with the users (Lisinski, and aruckij, 2006). Customer services The management of the company always work towards finding the best methods through which the quality of the services can be improved. This has been done with an intention of rendering the best and prompt services to the clients. The company believes in showing better responsibilities towards the consumers, and for this the below mentioned factors are taken care of- Provide quality and reliable services to the clients. Introduce better pay for reimbursement method for the staffs or members who were no happy dealing with the company. Implement an effective action plan and strategic steps (Richardson et al., 2008). Stakeholders analysis The company proposes to conduct an effective strategic check through the introduction of the strategic plan for conducting the stakeholders analysis. In this method, the company analyse different methods for researching and introducing steps that will benefit the stakeholders involved with the company. In this process the management of the company ensures to collect feedback from the stakeholders and plan for the necessary changes that are considered to be necessary for making the changes. The opinion about the stakeholders is also taken into consideration as this will help in increasing the quality of the production activities. For this, the management of the company proposes to have effective and clear goals for the implementation of the strategic activities. The proposed changes have been communicated with the clients. This has been done with an intention of increasing the quality of services that has been proposed to be rendered to the clients. Changes that has been proposed to be introduced by the company includes Technological factors Communicating methods (Magdaleno et al., 2003). Marketing strategies These factors are considered to be quite important and it helps in analysing the best strategies through which the required changes will be implemented. For this, the challenges are analysed by the company and the corrective steps are taken for introducing the chances. In this case the limitations in case are analysed. This has been done with an intention of improving the relationship with the customers and the stakeholders. In the operational strategic plan the management of the company proposed to introduce advanced technological changes that will increase the safety measures for the products that has been manufactured and sold by the company. This also includes analysing the changes in the quality task that needs to be introduced by the management. In this case, the management of the company adopt and introduce better methods for designing and introducing the changes that are related to the modern car that will be quite helpful for the buyers. Through this process the management of the company proposes to fulfil the requirements of the clients. Also the necessary steps are taken to ensure that the quality of the tasks is improved. This is required for increasing the quarry of the tasks that has been proposed to render by the company. For this, the changes in terms of consumer bencher and analysing their needs are taken not consideration. This is one of the most important factors that will help in acco mplishing the task that are related to the increase in the sales and the production activates. In the marketing strategy an attempt is made to approach maximum number of clients and this is done by analysing the available opportunities. Also, the changes that will be useful in amending the production activities will be analysed and introduced by the company. The stakeholders and suppliers of the company also form an important part of the company (Moss L and Atre S, 2003). For this the management will concentrate on the below mentioned factors Intensive Diversification Defensive Integrative For analysing the marketing penetration process, it is essential to analyse the marketing mix. In this process the challenges that are analysed needs to be analysed and the same needs to be communicated with different departments. This will help in increasing the services quality that is required for the company. In this process the different process that will be helpful in the market and product development are analysed. This will help in making the required changes that will be helpful in amending the changes. Apart from this the type of services that needs to be rendered to the clients has to be analysed and introduced in the right manner this also includes the steps that needs to be followed for introducing the steps that needs to be followed for product development. The plan includes introducing better steps through which the changes can be introduced for increasing the same for the company. In this process, the management attempt to follow the ethical process as this will help in increasing the goodwill for the company (Muntean, 2007). Conclusion The changes in the production activities have to be planned and implemented in the right manner. For this, the needs have to be introduced for increasing the sales for the company. In this process, the tools and techniques that needs to be adopted by the company has to be implemented in the correct manner. This will improve the quality of the services that has been proposed to be rendered to the clients. Apart from this, the step that needs to be followed for introducing the changes in the production activities has to be planned. This will help in introducing the right changes that will help in making the correct changes that will be useful for increasing the quality of services that has been proposed to be rendered to the clients. Planning is required for executing different factors about the production activities and it is useful for different departments. This is one of the reasons, the change that has been proposed to be made by the company has to be planned and implemented in th e correct manner. This will help in approaching maximum number of clients through which the changes that will be useful for making the changes. In this method, the challenges that are faced by the company have to be analysed and the corrective steps needs to be taken for implementing the changes. Strategic plan is incomplete without introducing the changes that are required for implementing changes in different departments like marketing, production, and others. These departments are quite important and play an important role in the developmental process. This is one of the reasons the changes are made after introducing the best possible changes that are required for exaction of the task. References Aaldehayyat J and Anchor J, 2008: Strategic planning tools and techniques in Jordan: awareness and use. Strategic Change Journal, 17, 7/8: 282293. ISSN 1086-1718. Ambrosini, V and Bowman, C, 2003. Managerial Consensus and Corporate Strategy: Why Do Executives Agree or Disagree about Corporate Strategy. European management journal, volume 21, issue 2, pages 213-221. Baumgartner R., Frlich O., Gottlob G., Harz P., Herzog M., Lehmann P, 2005 Web Data Extraction for Business Intelligence: the Lixto Approach, Datenbanksysteme in Business, Technologie und Web (BTW), LNI, Series of the Gesellschaft fr Informatik, P-65, pp. 4865. Becker J., Knackstedt R and Serries T, 2003, Architectures for Enterprise Information Portals: An Approach to Integrate Data Warehousing and Content Management, Proceedings of the 11th European Conference on Information Systems, Naples, Italy. Carvalho R and Ferreira M, 2001. Using Information Technology to Support Knowledge Conversion Processes, Information Research, vol. 7, No. 1, 2001. Clark D, 2007. Strategic management tool usage: a comparative study. Strategic Change Journal, 6, 7: 417427. ISSN 1086-1718. Choi, S. (2006). Group revenue management: A model for evaluating group profi tability. Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 47(3), 260-271. FROST F, 2003: The use of strategic tools by small and medium-sized enterprises: an Australasian study. Strategic Change, 12, 1: 4962. ISSN 1086-1718. Collins, M. Parsa, H.G. (2006). Pricing strategies to maximize revenues in the lodging industry. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 25(1), 91-107. Cross, R., Higbie, J. Cross, D. (2009). Revenue managements renaissance: a rebirth of the art and science of profi table revenue generation. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 50(1), 56-81 Demirciftci, T., Cobanoglu, C., Beldona, S. Cummings, P. (2010). Room rate parity analysis across diff erent hotel distribution channels in the U.S. Journal of Hospitality Marketing Management, 19(4), 295-308 Fuld Company (2003), Leveraging the Web, Intelligence Software Report 2003, available at: Haberberg, A. and Rieple, A, 2001. The Strategic Management of Organization. England: Pearson Education Limited. Knott, P., 2006: Typology of strategy tool applications. Management Decision Journal, 44, 8: 10901105. ISSN 0025-1747. Kimes, S.E. McGuire, K.A. (2001). Function-space revenue management: a case study from Singapore. Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 42(6), 33-46. Koenig, M. Meissner, J. (2010). List pricing versus dynamic pricing: Impact on the revenue risk. European Journal of Operational Research, 204(3), 505-512. Liebpwitz J. (2006), Strategic Intelligence: Business Intelligence, Competitive Intelligence, and Knowledge Management, Auerbach Publications. Lisinski, M and aruckij, M., 2006: Principles of the application of strategic planning methods. Journal of Business Economics and Management, 7, 2: 3743. ISSN 1611-1699. Ingold, A., McMahon-Beattie, U. Yeoman, I. (eds.) (2001). Yield management. Strategies for the service industries. London: Continuum. Ivanov, S. Zhechev, V. (2011). Hotel marketing (in Bulgarian). Varna: Zangador. Richardson J., Schlegel K., Hostmann B., McMurchy N. (2008), Magic Quadrant for Business Intelligence Platforms, Gartner RAS Core Research Note G00154227. Magdaleno, A.; Cappelli, C.; Baiao, F.; Santoro, F. and Araujo, R. (2008) Towards collaboration maturity in business processes: An exploratory study in oil production processes. Information systems management. 25, 302-318. Moss L and Atre S, 2003. Business Intelligence Roadmap: The Complete Project Lifecycle for Decision-Support Applications, Addison-Wesley Professional. Muntean M, 2007. Business Intelligence Solutions for Gaining Competitive Advantage, Revista Informatica Economica, nr. 3 (43)/2007 Noone, B.M., Kimes, S.E. Renaghan, L.M. (2003). Integrating customer relationship management with revenue management: A hotel perspective. Journal of Revenue and Pricing Management, 2(1), 7-21. Ranjan J, 2005. Business Intelligence: Concepts, Components, Techniques And Benefits. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology. Retrieved from Viewed on 14/1/2015. Rigby, D and Bilodeau, B., 2011: Management Tools Trends 2011. Bain Company Report Ã…Å ¾tefănescu A. (2007), Business Intelligence Improving Performance of Reengineering Project, 1st International Online Conference on Business Management, Yazd University, Teheran. Stenfors, S., Tanner, L., Haapalinna, I.,2004: Executive Use of Strategy Tools: Building Shared Understanding through Boundary Objects. Frontiers of E-Business research 2004, 635645. Tallon, P. (2007) A process-oriented perspective on the alignment of information technology and business strategy. Journal of Management Information Systems. Vol. 24, No. 3, pp. 227-268. Turban, E., Rainer, R. and Potter, R (2005) Introduction to Information Technology. USA: John WileySons VaitkeviÄ ius, S., Merkys, G., and SavaneviÄ ien, A., 2006: Model of Strategic Analysis Tools Typology. Engineering Economics, 47, 2, 99109. ISSN 1392-2785 VaitkeviÄ ius, S., 2006: Modelling of Strategic Analysis in Strategic Management. Economics of Engineering decisions, 49, 4, 3747. ISSN 1392-2785. Vitt E., Luckevich M., Misner S. (2002), Business Intelligence: Making Better Decisions Faster, Microsoft Press. Wingyan C., Hsinchun C and Nunamaker J.F, 2003. Business intelligence explorer: a knowledge map framework for discovering business intelligence on the Web, System Sciences, 6-9 Jan. 2003 Page(s): 10 pp. Yin, R. (2003) Case study research: design and methods. Third edition, UK: Sage Publication Ltd. Zeng, L., Xu, L., Shi, Z., Wang, M. and Wu, W. (2006), Techniques, Process, and Enterprise Solutions of Business Intelligence", IEEE Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Taipei, Taiwan pp. 4722.

The year 509 BC Rome finally became a Republic and Essay Example For Students

The year 509 BC Rome finally became a Republic and Essay thus started the Roman empire. As Rome rose to power they went through many wars and many conflicts between the plebeians and patricians. The republic was made out of 3 groups, the consuls which were 2 men elected from the senate, the senate which was made of 300 patricians, and the assembly made from plebeians. Many years later Rome started to reject the republic when it went into a series of civil wars. 3 men form the first triumvirate, Julius Caesar, Pompeii, and Crassus. Julius Caesar became the victor. He was then rewarded dictator for life. On the date September 23, 63 BC a boy was born. He was originally Caesars grand-nephew. This boy would later grow to a power and change Rome for good. Julius Caesar had become dictator for life. 2 years later he was assassinated by members of the senate. A young boy named Octavian, was 18 years old. Octavian was Caesars grand-nephew but Octavian had always hoped Caesar would take him as a son. Octavian knew of everything that Caesar had done . From conquering Gaul to when he crossed the Rublican with his army, and also when he defeated his enemies and became the most powerful man in Rome. At the age of 14 Octavian had finally met his great-uncle and hero when he came back from Asia Minor and said the 3 famous words that summed up his victory, Veni, Vidi, Vici. Latin for I came, I saw, I conquered In Caesars will, Octavians dream had finally come true. Caesar had adopted him as his son. In Caesars will he left his money to a man named Marc Anthony. He was a powerful general at the time. He was a consul of Rome and successor to Caesar. Octavian knew he couldnt just get the money from Anthony. Octavian had no military experience or political experience. But he was now Julius Caesars son. As Rome once again fell into devastation, they needed someone who could pull Rome back together and take control. This led to the second triumvirate. The three men who were running in this were Lepidus, Octavian, and Marc Anthony. After Le pidus retired from running for dictator, it left only Octavian and Marc Anthony. As Marc Anthony and Cleopatra set out to take the throne in Rome, they went to western Rome in Asia Minor to win battles. Anthony won the battle of Armenia but soon after returned to Alexandria instead of Rome. When People had wondered why he had done this Octavian said to the senate Anthony intends to make Alexandria, instead of Rome, the capital of the Roman empire. Anthony is bewitched by Cleopatra. Has he not bestowed upon her provinces which belong to you, as Romans? Has he not deserted Octavia, his faithful wife, for that accursed female (Foster 114)? Anthony started moving his Egyptian fleet and 200 ships toward a city called Actium. Octavian had a fleet off 400 ships waiting for him, and Octavian soon won the battle. Anthony had heard that Cleopatra had killed herself, and without thought he killed himself so he could be with her. Cleopatra though, wasnt dead. She came back home to visit Anthony s tomb. She then went to her own tomb and poisoned herself. Octavian now stood alone, one ruler who now controlled all of Rome and now a new Roman province, Egypt. We will write a custom essay on The year 509 BC Rome finally became a Republic and specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Octavian now was ruler of Rome. Since he was Julius Caesars adopted son, in January, 27 BC the senate changed his name from Octavian to Augustus Caesar. From this point on, Pax Romana had begun. Pax Romana is Latin for Rome in peace. Peace was finally restored in Rome, And Augustus was the imperator. Imperator later became know as emperor. Augustus was the first emperor of Rome. The first thing Augustus did to restore peace was present to Rome a new constitution. This constitution transferred the State to the free disposal of the Senate and people (Augustus 370). There were still several civil wars but definitely not as many as before. He had many military operations continuing in many frontier areas. By the year 25 BC rebellious Alpine tribes were defeated and destroyed. In central Asia Minor an area named Galatia was annexed. But a place called Mauretania was changed from Roman provincial status to a client-kingdom which had a dependent monarchy. Around the year 23 BC reports of co nspiracies made him feel that new constitutional stops were necessary. He continued to End all his series of consulships in favor of a power in which disconnected altogether from office and its businesslike inconveniences. This gained power had raised Augustus to a new level. Augustus had listen to the poor people and had supported them. He also tended to back the established classes as the basis of his system. Augustus, around 19 BC, started to witness some social occasions. He encouraged marriage, regulated penalties for adultery, and reduce extravagance. In 17 BC there were glorious celebrations of ancient ritual. This was known as the Secular Games, to filter the Roman people of their past sins and provide full religious initiation of the new age. Around the years 16-15 BC, was formed the beginning of a civil service in Rome. This had never been done before but was destined to become an essential feature of the imperial system. Around the same time, a completely reformed adminis trative structure of Rome, Italy, and the entire empire was matured. The empires financial system at the time was far more superior to anything else in the entire empire. This great financial system was based on the central treasury, but the details of its relationship with the treasuries of the provinces, and most of all the province of Augustus, are still unsatisfactory understood. Mainly because, even though the emperor proudly recorded his gifts to the central treasury, he did not report what funds passed in the opposite direction. Lepidus, who had lived in retirement for 24 years, died in the year 12 BC. Augustus had succeeded him as the official head of the Roman religion. Also in this year, in Egypt, became not only the pharaoh, but a god. A year later Augustus had lost his old advisor and an outstanding patron of letters. Tiberius, a step-nephew to Augustus, was elected to share Augustus tribunician power in 6 BC. In the year 4 AD, Augustus realized that he had to make Tiber ius his heir. So, he adopted Tiberius as his son. This meant that Tiberius had to adopt Germanicus, the son of his brother, Drusus. With all this gained power by Tiberius, it almost made him an equal to Augustus. Augustus now was started to feel his age, he was no longer the young general of old. Around the year 13 AD, Augustus had to renew his powers for another 10 years. But would he last for those 10 years? Tiberius was now made equal to Augustus in every constitutional detail. Augustus deposited his will at the House of the Vestals in Rome. It contained a summary of the military and financial resources of the empire. His ingenious political testament known as the Res Gestae Divi Augusti (Acts of the Divine Augustus). On August 19, 14 AD, Augustus Caesar, the first emperor of the Roman Empire, had died. On September 13, the senate had made Augustus a god of the Roman state. By now, Tiberius, Augustus adopted son, became the second emperor of the Roman Empire. Much like other empe rors, Tiberius assumed the designation of Augustus in addition to his own. .ube576524daee27d64508818561139785 , .ube576524daee27d64508818561139785 .postImageUrl , .ube576524daee27d64508818561139785 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ube576524daee27d64508818561139785 , .ube576524daee27d64508818561139785:hover , .ube576524daee27d64508818561139785:visited , .ube576524daee27d64508818561139785:active { border:0!important; } .ube576524daee27d64508818561139785 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ube576524daee27d64508818561139785 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ube576524daee27d64508818561139785:active , .ube576524daee27d64508818561139785:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ube576524daee27d64508818561139785 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ube576524daee27d64508818561139785 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ube576524daee27d64508818561139785 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ube576524daee27d64508818561139785 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ube576524daee27d64508818561139785:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ube576524daee27d64508818561139785 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ube576524daee27d64508818561139785 .ube576524daee27d64508818561139785-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ube576524daee27d64508818561139785:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Maggie's role in Hobson's choice EssayAugustus Caesar was not only the first emperor of Rome, but the greatest. He was one of the great administrative geniuses of history. He brought Rome from constant civil war into the golden age of Rome, also known as Pax Romana. And Pax Romana did not end when he died, it kept going until near the last emperor to carry the name Caesar. Augustus was remembered through out the entire empire and after. He was named the father of Rome. He united Rome as one, and still expanded the empire. But like every empire, sooner or later the great Roman Empire would fall as well. Many empires would rise and fall, and many revolutionized the world tod ay, but none would compare to the impact Rome has on the world todayBibliography1. Augustus. Encyclopedia Britannica. 1997 2. Grant, Michael. The World of Rome. New York: Mentor books, 19603. Foster, Genevieve. Augustus Caesars World. New York: Charles Scribners Sons, 1947.

Tropical Africa Food Production And The Essays - Land Management

Tropical Africa: Food Production and the Inquiry Model Hunger is the result of disasters such as drought, floods, the .changing of the jet stream patterns and other natural disasters .They are beyond our control It has been estimated that one third of the land in Tropical Africa is potentially cultivable, though only about 6% of it is ,currently cultivated. However, to change farming from a low-input low-yield pattern to a high-input, high-yield pattern necessitates the use of more fertilizer and the planting of high-yielding .varieties of crops There are a number of environmental factors, related mostly to .climate, soils and health, resisting easy developmental solutions .Rainfall reliability is closely connected to rainfall quantity The rainfall in the equatorial heart is very plentiful and reliable. However, there is much less rainfall towards the outer edges of the rain belt. Periodic and unpredictable droughts are a .characteristic feature of these border zones :There are three climatic zones in Tropical Africa ,1.a region of persistent rain at and near the Equator 2.a region on each side of this of summer rain and winter drought, and 3.a region at the northern and southern edges afflicted by .drought All the climates listed in the previous paragraph are modified in the eastern parts of Tropical Africa by the mountains and .monsoons The soils of Tropical Africa pose another problem. They are unlike the soils of temperate areas. Soils are largely products of their climates, and tropical soils are different from temperate soils because the climate is different. Because of the great heat ,of the tropics tends to bake the soils, while on the other hand the rainfall leaches them. The combined heat and moisture tend to produce very deep soils because the surface rock is rapidly broken down by chemical weathering. All this causes the food's rate of growth to slow down or maybe even stop and as a result food production won't even come close in catching up to the rate of .population increase; therefore starvation and hunger is present In the process of a flood and drought, the roots of trees are shallow and virtually no nutrients are obtained from the soil. The vegetation survives on its own humus waste, which is plentiful. If the vegetation is cleared, then the source of humus is removed and the natural infertility of the soils becomes obvious. As being another factor, this will cause the soil to produce wasteful and .useless products which in turn will decrease the production To conclude this essay, the climates in Tropical Africa take a big role as being factors that could endanger or destroy the process of plantation. On the other hand, it could also bring good .fortune if climatic regions are fairly good -------------------------------------------------------------- Tropical Africa Food Production And The Essays - Land Management Tropical Africa: Food Production and the Inquiry Model Hunger is the result of disasters such as drought, floods, the .changing of the jet stream patterns and other natural disasters .They are beyond our control It has been estimated that one third of the land in Tropical Africa is potentially cultivable, though only about 6% of it is ,currently cultivated. However, to change farming from a low-input low-yield pattern to a high-input, high-yield pattern necessitates the use of more fertilizer and the planting of high-yielding .varieties of crops There are a number of environmental factors, related mostly to .climate, soils and health, resisting easy developmental solutions .Rainfall reliability is closely connected to rainfall quantity The rainfall in the equatorial heart is very plentiful and reliable. However, there is much less rainfall towards the outer edges of the rain belt. Periodic and unpredictable droughts are a .characteristic feature of these border zones :There are three climatic zones in Tropical Africa ,1.a region of persistent rain at and near the Equator 2.a region on each side of this of summer rain and winter drought, and 3.a region at the northern and southern edges afflicted by .drought All the climates listed in the previous paragraph are modified in the eastern parts of Tropical Africa by the mountains and .monsoons The soils of Tropical Africa pose another problem. They are unlike the soils of temperate areas. Soils are largely products of their climates, and tropical soils are different from temperate soils because the climate is different. Because of the great heat ,of the tropics tends to bake the soils, while on the other hand the rainfall leaches them. The combined heat and moisture tend to produce very deep soils because the surface rock is rapidly broken down by chemical weathering. All this causes the food's rate of growth to slow down or maybe even stop and as a result food production won't even come close in catching up to the rate of .population increase; therefore starvation and hunger is present In the process of a flood and drought, the roots of trees are shallow and virtually no nutrients are obtained from the soil. The vegetation survives on its own humus waste, which is plentiful. If the vegetation is cleared, then the source of humus is removed and the natural infertility of the soils becomes obvious. As being another factor, this will cause the soil to produce wasteful and .useless products which in turn will decrease the production To conclude this essay, the climates in Tropical Africa take a big role as being factors that could endanger or destroy the process of plantation. On the other hand, it could also bring good .fortune if climatic regions are fairly good --------------------------------------------------------------

Problems of Reading and Literacy

Problems of Reading and Literacy Abstract The proceeding is a review of ten current articles on reading and literacy. The research paper contains an introduction, review of the articles and a conclusion which summarizes the articles. The paper contains a detailed definition of reading and literacy and how the two interrelate.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Problems of Reading and Literacy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The ten summarized articles focus on how various factors affect literacy and reading across the society. Several corrective measures are proposed in some articles on how to cope up with the challenges of literacy. It is realized that deficiency in literacy is common to all age groups and segments of the community. Introduction The two terms, literacy and reading, have been used interchangeably in some settings. Literacy is described as one’s ability to read and consequently write. In depth, it refers to the ability to recognize, comprehend, infer, craft, commune, work out and use written and printed materials connected with changeable contexts. Reading is the art of decoding and cognition of symbols with an aim of constructing or deriving a meaning. It also refers to the technique of language acquisition for communication and for sharing ideas. Reading requires a continuous process for proper development and fine-tuning so as to gain proficiency in the act. Summary of Articles Beverly’s article outlines the use of phone text messaging among British children especially the abbreviations and language used. Texting has no negative effect on the literacy or language development as being speculated. Language development depends on the age at which the child receives mobile phones. Those who posses phones at an early age do many texting, thus developing literacy, as opposed to their fellows who do not have phones. Acquisition of texting knowledge is significant in the development of literacy profile in a child (Beverly Clare, 2009). The ability to select and use various words and when to use them gives children metalinguistic and linguistic acquaintance. It was evident that text messaging does not have any negative impact on the reading and literacy. Texting instead increase the pace at which the two can be acquired and internalized. In as much as this mode increases of learning, the question remains on how text messaging among the preteens affects their grammar.Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The second article explores the long-term impacts of opting for early comprehension interventions. Children who do not know how to read in their year one in school will continue to fall behind their peers, thus requiring the need for recovery reading and phonological training are recommended. The survey explored how different models of interventions may be effec tive in children with difficulties in reading. The two interventions include recovery reading and explicit phonological training. It is clear that the two interventions had significant improvement in a child’s reading in the medium and short term. Recovery reading had more impact than phonological training though the later had a strong impact in improving the spelling. Children who read not only learn letters and words but also learn how to use them in the text (Jane Kathy, 2007). Those who are able to pas this stage usually gain independence in reading and are able to recognize and correct mistakes on their own. The lessons of reading recovery enable children to become self-mentor. It should be realized that the two methods do not have long-term effects; therefore, other tactics like child enjoyment, home encouragement are critical in ensuring improvement in reading among children. Christine and others examined how social network sites (SNSs) affect the lives of teenagers i n high school in terms of reading, literacy and the social life. The current technologies like wikis, blogs, online games; social networking and so on have changed literacy. The technology changes how people communicate information, compose, listen, view, write and read. Networking sites creates relationships, accomplish social education functions and discovers novel communiquà © and imaginative endeavors. In overall, the use of social sites among students exhibit new literacy and reading practices. SNSs provide opportunities for the young people to learn different things online, and from friends thus becoming excellent readers (Christine Beth, 2009). This fourth article entails the experiences students show when writing and reading visual essays, which make use of images as opposed to texts. It explores how non restriction to words may improve one’s ability to gain skills in literacy work. The use of other elements of design such as audio, gestures, texts, and video equall y improve a person’s ability to become a competent reader.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Problems of Reading and Literacy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The article covers the how, what and when of the visual essays, experiences and how to teach them to improve reading and literacy (Janette Sarah, 2010). The pictures, lyrics and words used in visual essay enable the viewer to draw a conclusion of what the producer or the author implies. People will be so wiling to pay attention to video than they do to essays. This means that the use of visual elements in communicating a point will have an enormous impact because people are lazy in reading, and will want to interpret what the visual element is about. The article concluded that students using visual essays are able to develop essay skills fast. The choice of appropriate visual essay for different groups is a challenge. Ruthanne and Tobin investig ated what teachers can use to cope up with varying needs of the students to learn in Grade 2/3 classrooms. Teachers are aware of the discrepancy in literacy needs of the students, but many do not know how to offer different varieties to benefit all the students (Ruthanne Alison, 2008). Responsive literacy, literacy instructions and various organizational formats are the underpinning factors that bring the variations in literacy delivery. The overall goal of the paper was to help teachers develop a framework for combating instructional differentiations. It is also aimed at providing instructors and teachers with strategies of meeting literacy needs of diverse students. The study made use of a case study design using qualitative research to explore educational phenomenon in a genuine life circumstances. Some of the techniques found and proposed for increasing literacy in a diverse situation include differentiated instructions and appropriate response to the at-risk students during no rmal classrooms. Differentiated instructions assist students in understanding and content application in literacy learning, and to choose the best option among different learning experiences. Other strategies include shared writing and reading, guided reading and setting up literacy centers with excellent texts. The sixth peer review article explores how teachers can improve their knowledge and experience. This is anticipated to help children develop enthusiasm and motivation towards reading among the less fortunate in literacy. Teachers should be readers for themselves thus developing and sharing experiences, acknowledging families, community, and considering reading like pleasure (Teresa et al,. 2009).Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The research revealed that personal engagements enable them to recognize the nature of reading and what is entailed of being a reader, hence acting as reading models for their students. The process permits teachers to widen the dexterity of teaching for pedagogic understanding and subject knowledge mutually sanction professional performance. When teachers gain such a vast experience in reading, they are able to understand the reading and literacy needs of children in class. Teachers should, therefore, be encouraged to do inclusive and objective reading both at primary and secondary level so as to cope up with the changing needs of the students. This article analyses how some controlled situations can improve reading and literacy among children and pupils. The program is called Head Start, a research-based development informed, which an enriched intervention is focusing on socio-emotional abilities, literacy skills and language development. It involves teachers using research-based i nstructional equipment and teaching modes whose aim was to improve child talent attainment. The program contains a detailed curriculum for the teachers equipped with exemplary teaching practices (Bierman, K. et al, 2008). Children in the intervention program had improvement in literacy and reading. Properly structured curriculum and improved teaching techniques can improve performance in children towards achieving literacy. The eighth article is about literacy patterns among the children who are excellent in mathematics but have learning difficulties. Lack of phonological abilities is common in children with reading difficulties. This article eases the information processing speed, auditory, visual and memory analysis. The ability of a person to tackle mathematics appropriately means that the person is creative, skilful and committed in completing the tasks. One of the difficulties children face is dyslexia which is a neurological complication and is constitutional in derivation (An ies, 2010) It presents with difficulties in spelling, written language and reading. Visual dyslexia pupils have visual problems while auditory dyslexia people have hearing problems. Children with difficulties experience difficulties in reading and writing, even though they are excellent in mathematics. Cathy Burnett explores the available understanding on the impacts of technology on literacy in the classroom. It employed the Green’s distinction on critical, cultural and operational scope of primary literacy. Print media is highly supported by its legacy and policies, but new technologies are preferred to supplement it. People should be able to understand what it entails like the usage, values, interactions and processes for successful applications in primary class literacy (Cathy, 2009). This last review focuses on adult literacy in a health care setting and its implications. Health literacy is a crucial factor that affects the communication in the process of cancer prognosi s, diagnosis and treatment among the adults. The study asserts that one out of five adults in America lack the obligatory literacy to communicate effectively in the society. It is observed that inadequate literacy complicate matters in the health facilities, hence leading to inappropriate decisions in cancer centers. Clients possessing poor health literacy present problems both in written and spoken communication. It is also cumbersome to identify people with literacy deficiency because some hide it to their family members and to the physicians (Terry, 2006). The problem manifests mostly when the consent is required from the patient since they cannot understand the meaning of the paper. It is, therefore, recommended that adults with a deficiency in literacy be open to the service providers in all sectors, and literacy improvement centers be set up so that adults can improve their standards of literacy. Conclusion It is with no doubt that problems of reading and literacy are prevalen t in the society. Researches have been conducted to find solutions to some of these crosscutting issues. Literacy reviews majorly touch on pre-teenage and teenagers because this is the age that experiences difficulties in literacy. It is evident that the learning environment and health status of a person affects the literacy level of a person. Overall literacy and reading, which are used interchangeably, are affected by sociocultural factors in the society. References Anies, A. (2010). Perceptual skills and Arabic literacy patterns for mathematically gifted children with specific learning difficulties, British Journal of Special Education  · Volume 37  · Number 1, pp 26-37. 3 Beverly, P. Clare, W. (2009). Exploring Relationships between Traditional and New Media Literacies: British Preteen Texters at School. Journal of Computer-  Mediated Communication 14, pp 1108–1129. Bierman, K. et al., (2008). Promoting Academic and Social-Emotional SchoolReadiness: The Head Start R EDI Program, Child Development, Vol. 79, No.6, pp 1802 – 1817. Cathy, B. (2009). Research into literacy and technology in primary classrooms: an exploration of understandings generated by recent studies, Journal of Research  In Reading, Vol. 32, Issue. 1, pp 22–37. Christine, G. Beth, R. (2009). Old Communication, New Literacies: Social Network Sites as Social Learning Resources. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 14, pp 1130–1161. Jane, H. Kathy, S. (2007). Long-term outcomes of early reading intervention. Journal  Of Research in Reading.Vol.30, Issue 3, pp 227–24. Janette, H. Sarah, T. (2010). Engaging students through new Literacies: the good, bad and curriculum of visual essays. Journal for English in Education, Vol. 44 No. 1, pp 5-23. Ruthanne, T. Alison, M. (2008). Accommodating differences: variations in Differentiated literacy instruction in Grade 2/3 classrooms. Literacy, Vol. 42, No. 1. Teresa, C. et al., (2009). Teachers as read ers: building communities of readers,  Literacy, Vol. 42, No. 1, pp 11-18. Terry, C. (2006). Health Literacy and Cancer Communication. Cancer Journal for  Clinicians Vol. 76, Issue 20. pp 134-149.

Current and Future Change in Communication Assignment

Current and Future Change in Communication - Assignment Example From this paper it is clear that  health communication campaigns are used by media organizations to deliver quality information in promoting health safety and behavioral changes in order to maintain a healthy living. In this regard, media organizations have advertised several healthcare products with an aim of creating awareness. In the United States, several campaigns emphasizing on safe sex practices and use of condoms such as the â€Å"Great American Condom Campaign† play a significant effect on reducing unwanted pregnancies as well as spread of HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases.This study highlights that the campaign has undergone several transitions in its struggle to promote safe sex from mere advertisements on the importance of using condoms. Currently, the campaign has introduced the â€Å"amplify project† where high school and college students register as members and distribute condoms within their institutions. In addition, the project also trains the members on providing peer counseling services to their colleagues on sexual reproductive health as well as the rights and freedoms of young people. The campaign aims to register as many students as possible with an ultimate goal of gaining global recognition in the fight against HIV and sexually related diseases.  Mass media provides a platform in which health care providers disseminate information about its products to potential customers. In this regard, the communication of information is quick and detailed.

Unit 5 discussion Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Unit 5 discussion - Research Paper Example In the case of Bedford Mountain parenting program one could debate that there might have been preconceived thoughts about the program’s success. In Maritza’s case, it is important for the funding agency to understand the purpose of the program. The findings in this case should be presented and explained clearly to the founder. According to Royse et al. (2010) this evaluation’s findings are intended for knowledge development. They are exempted from scrutiny by IRB (p.49). Despite this; it is good for the evaluator to share her plans with the nearest IRB for guidance. It is also crucial for the evaluator to review how others addressed this problem and apply ethical principles to the situation. Maritza should consult with her supervisor on the evaluation and objectively discuss the way forward as the program collides with politics of funding and the need to be addressed. Maritza should not compromise on the findings but should present her findings in such a way that they capture the pros and cons of the program and give recommendations for it. This type of data ought to be shared with the funding agency and her immediate supervisor. Evaluators are urged not to be complacent even in the midst of political, financial or personal interest but maintain neutrality and exercise their ability to report accurate

Presentational Aids Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Presentational Aids - Essay Example I have decided to develop flip charts and PowerPoint slides as preferred presentational aids because I am more confident and comfortable with the efficient preparation and utilization of these two aids in my training module. Additionally, these aids are clear, simple and capable of illuminating and illustrating my words effectively. As most of the audience will be familiar with flip charts and PowerPoint slides, the distraction factor is less likely to interfere. They can also prove useful when the attention span of audience is limited. Switching between these two aids in lengthy sessions would probably help to keep the audience interested and engaged. Flip charts can help presenter to proceed through material and convey information efficiently. The most notable advantage of flip charts is that they can be prepared or modified before as well as during the session. Also, it can be easily used to note questions, comments and can also be converted to slides later. However, they are difficult to transport, not suitable in a large audience setting and also require some graphics talent. PowerPoint slides presentation is one of the most adopted visual aids nowadays. They can be prepared easily, quickly and are capable to project complex illustrations and animations more professionally. It is also suitable to large audience setting. Presenter is able to print slides for memorizing the key points. However, the risk of confusion and technical malfunction is much greater for PowerPoint presentations. Developing new slides during the session is sometimes quite difficult and time

What Is An Information Society Media Essay

What Is An Information Society Media Essay It is definitely hard to nail down the definition of an information society as one may argue that its definition is rather abstract and requires one to locate it in the context of time and space. Are we now still considered an Information Society? How do we quantify a shift to an information society? All these are problematic questions to consider.   1.1 Definitions First, I will list down a few definitions by scholars and see if there is a fundamental basis for the term Information Society: A society that organizes itself around knowledge in the interest of social control, and the management of innovation and change (Daniel Bell, 1976). A society where [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] information is used as an economic resource, the community harnesses/exploits it, and behind it all an industry develops which produces the necessary information (Nick Moore, 1977). A new type of society, where the possession of information is the driving force behind its transformation and development [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] where human intellectual creativity flourishes (Yoneji Masuda, 1980). The information society is an economic reality and not simply a mental abstractionThe slow spread/dissemination of information ends [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] new activities, operations and products gradually come to light (John Naisbitt, 1984). Societies that have become dependent upon complex electronic information networks and which allocate a major portion of their resources to information and communication activities (Melody, 1990). It is evident that the above definitions are based on preconceptions regarding which areas of life change significantly: some are centered on resources, others around products, industries, activities, or society and people. As such, in general terms, an  information society  is a  society  where the creation, distribution, diffusion, uses, integration and manipulation of  information  is a significant economic, political, social and cultural activity. 1.2 The Birth of the Concept The expression post-industrial society was first coined in 1914 in Great Britain by Ananda K. Coomaraswamy and Arthur J. Penty. It was later revived from 1958 in America (primarily by Daniel Bell) and from the end of the 1960s in French social sciences (by Alain Touraine). However, the collocation information society as it is now used first emerged in Japanese social sciences in the early 1960s. The Japanese version of the expression  (Joho Shakai)  was born during a conversation in 1961 between Kisho Kurokawa, the famous architect, and Tudao Umesao, the renowned historian and anthropologist.  In regard to technology, which forms the basis of production, the term automation (later cybernation), introduced by the automotive engineer of the Ford company D. S. Harder in 1946, facilitated the discussions for decades. Dozens of evocative terms were originated to designate the sweeping changes generated by the hurtling development of information technology; of these the most well-kno wn were the various manifestations of the computer and the scientific-technological revolution. A common characteristic of the above proto-concepts is that they isolated one of the components, i.e. a part of the rapidly changing socio-economic complex and suggested that it was sufficient to describe in both a descriptive and metaphorical sense the whole. As a result of this, several terms, each with a different approach, proliferated between 1950 and 1980. Around 1980 these terms merged into a comprehensive, joint umbrella term combining the concept of information and society: this new concept included and encapsulated all the previous partial concepts and preserved the expressive power, approach and attitude they represented.   1.3 Generic Timeline (1960s- Present) In the mid-1960s, when computing was known as data processing and the economies of the most advanced industrial nations were shifting from manufacturing to services, theorists proposed the emergence of an information society. This new society idea, based on the notion that the production of knowledge was replacing industrial production, was believed to have strong social implications.  With the introduction of the personal computer in 1981, the concept of the information society received new impetus. The computer and electronics industry went through a period of rapid restructuring and global growth as it promoted the notion of a computer in every home. These developments influenced the restatement of visions about a new kind of post-industrialism in which societies with high levels of knowledge skills, or the capacity to develop those quickly, held competitive advantage and the capacity to transform themselves into more open and responsive societies. From the early 1990s, the rapid convergence of computers with private and public telecommunications networks placed a new emphasis on instant and universal access to vast banks of information and on rapid information exchange across geographic, social and cultural boundaries. The intensified commercialization of the World Wide Web from 1994 appeared to have given the information society a specific shape and form.  In the past few decades we have seen various scholars debating on the concept and in recent years, other scholars and politicians have discussed more on the implications and the uses of ICTs; bringing in the political dimension. The  International Telecommunications Unions  World Summit on the Information Society  in Geneva and Tunis (2003 and 2005) has led to a number of policy and application areas where action is required. These include promotion of ICTs for development; information and communication infrastructure; access to information and knowledge; building c onfidence and security in the use of ICTs; cultural and linguistic diversity; and ethical dimensions of the information society. 2. Information Society Debate Among researchers and scholars, there is no consensus about what the information society is or even that it exists. For instance, Daniel Bells theories have numerous critics among others like Webster, 1995; Marvin, 1987; and Schiller, 1981 (Susan Trench, 1999). In particular, Bells claim that an information society exists when the information workers (clerks, teachers, lawyers and entertainers) outnumber the other workers is highly contentious because every occupation involves information processing of one kind or another. On the basis of the growth of information flows and technologies, information society theorists argue that the changes underway represent not just quantitative but qualitative social change transforming almost every realm of social life, including households, communities, education, health, work, surveillance, democracy, and identities. Together, these changes are seen as constituting a new form of society, comparable to the shift from an agrarian to an industrial society. Rather than tightly defined, the scope of information society debates ranges widely and overlaps with other approaches to understanding contemporary social change. Information society theorists can be broadly categorized in terms of those who see technology as the driving force behind the change, versus those who see social factors as shaping technology and history. This debate, technological determinism versus the social shaping of technology, lies at the heart of the sociology of technology. While sociologists have been concerned to refute technological determinism, countering the common, everyday way of conceiving of the relationship of technology to society, much work on the information society remains at least implicitly technologically determinist, while in the sociology of technology there is a growing interest in the constraining capacity of technology. Another key issue in the debate is whether and when quantitative changes (e.g., increasing flows of information, a larger information sector of the economy, or growing levels of ownership of IT devices) constitute qualitative change (the emergence of a new form of society, even an IT revolution). In other words, there is a debate about whether the situation is radically different from the past, or merely the continuation of long-running phenomena or tendencies. A further distinction is between optimists and pessimists, on which count the debate is remarkably polarized: for some (notably Daniel Bell), the information society is a progressive development, characterized by greater freedom and  fulfillment   whereas others (Herbert Schiller, Frank Webster) point to the continuation or exacerbation of long-running inequalities and patterns of control. Some contributors to the debate are normative in their writing, slipping into a mode of endorsing the changes that they identify as underway. Different theorists focus on different strands of the debate, notably the growth of technology, the transformation of the economy, the changing nature of work, new patterns of connection across time and space, and the coming to the fore of mediated culture.   2.1 Closely Related Concepts Post-industrial society (Daniel Bell) Post-Fordism Post-modern society Liquid modernity (Zygmunt Bauman) Knowledge society Network society (Manuel Castells) New Information Society (Frank Webster) The above terms and concepts carry similar and often overlapping meanings; while for some social theorists, different labels like late modernity, post-modernity, or globalization better characterize contemporary social transformations. Even those who focus on the information society use the term to refer to different social processes. In this Wiki-project, I will not attempt to cover all the various discussions on information society but will focus on a few scholars instead. 3. Alvin Toffler- Future Shock (1970) and the Third Wave (1980) In 1970, the futurist Alvin Toffler, without explicit reference to the information society, painted a dramatic transformative theory based on the power of new technology. Technology was changing society, as it had done historically, from the agricultural revolution to the industrial revolution. But the pace of change had accelerated beyond anything previously experienced or imagined. New social, economic and political relations were rising as rapidly as old ones were falling. In advanced societies, he argued, many people were suffering from future shock the disease of change, caused by the stresses and disorientation of too much change too quickly. Future shock was not an abstract condition; it was real and had actual psychological and biological effects on its sufferers.  Those who felt it most acutely were people who tried to cling onto the old ways and resist the new. Technology was driving changes, and people had to adapt to them. A decade later, during which time his confidence in the transformations had swelled, Toffler presented the notion of the third wave. The first wave of social transformation was the agricultural revolution; which prevailed in much of the world after the  Neolithic Revolution, which replaced  hunter-gatherer  cultures. The second wave was the industrial revolution which began in Western Europe with the  Industrial Revolution, and subsequently spread across the world. Key aspects of Second Wave society are the  nuclear family, a factory-type education system and the  corporation. The third wave was still in its early phase. It was characterized by a move away from manufacturing to the provision of services and information. Around this, new social, political and economic relations were forming. Toffler argued that distance was becoming irrelevant in the third wave, mass production was giving way to customization, and national borders, cultures and identities were being eroded . Many of these ideas have re-emerged in the much later discussion of information society. Toffler left open both the question of what the outcome of the transformation of the structure of democracy was to entail, as well as the question of what kind of world order would supersede the order of nation-states. 4. Yoneji Masuda The Information Society as Post Industrial Society, Johoka Shakai (1980) In Japan, Yoneji Masuda likened the impact of information technology on the modern economy to that of steam power in the industrial revolution. The book published by Yoneji Masuda in 1980 refers to a higher stage of social evolution- from post-industrial society to information society. Masuda tells of the birth of an era of information; focusing on computer technology, which operates in conjunction with communications technology. He  hypothesizes that the future information society would be a highly integrated society, like an organism. It would be a complex multi-centered society in which many systems are connected and integrated by information networks. Overall, the innovative technology would change the social and economic systems through the following three phases: Phase 1 technology does the work previously done for humans based on automation. Phase 2 technology enables the possibility of work that man could never do before, i.e. knowledge creation. Phase 3 socio-economic s tructures are transformed into new social and economic systems, a result of the first two phases of development. The information society will form a new societal model with a different framework from the industrial society, which is keen on the exploitation of information as a resource fundamental to the development of new innovations. The table below summarizes Masudas work. Table 1: Comparison of the characteristics of the industrial and information society by Yoneji Masuda Source: Masuda, 1980 5. Daniel Bell The Coming of Post-industrial Society (1973) Genealogy of the information society concept is usually traced to a term post-industrial society- a term first used by sociologist Daniel Bell (1973). He states: In the pre-industrial society life is a game against nature where one works with raw muscle power (Bell 1973 126); in the industrial era where machines predominates in a technical and rationalized existence, life is a game against fabricated nature. In contrast to both, life in the post-industrial society based on services, is a game between persons. What counts is not raw muscle power or energy but information (127).  Bell formulates that the main axis of this society will be theoretical knowledge and warns that knowledge-based services will be transformed into the central structure of the new economy and of an information-led society. He argued that western economies had de-industrialized, by which he meant that they had a declining percentage of the workforce working in the manufacturing sector and growing employment in the service and information sectors.  Figure 1  indicates the transformation which lies at the heart of his thesis. Figure 1:  Four-sector aggregation of the US workforce, 1860- 1980 Source:  Bureau of Labor Statistics, cited by  Bell (1980: 521) The dominant mode of employment was crucial to explaining economic, social and political changes, and technologies were crucial to explaining changes in the dominant mode of employment. Society had evolved through two distinct phases, agricultural and industrial, and was evolving into a post-industrial phase. In the postindustrial phase came new forms of innovation and social organization and practices. By the 1980s, Bell was using the terms post-industrial society and information society interchangeably. He surveys the characteristic differences reflected by the social- historical phases simplified into three main periods along nine distinctive aspects. The table below shows the distinctions. Table 2: Dimensions of the information society according to Daniel Bell (1979) Source: Bell, 1979 Daniel Bell is remarkably optimistic, seeing the post-industrial society as one in which everyone will enjoy access to the worlds traditions of art, music, and literature. Post-industrial society means the rise of professional work, professionals are oriented towards their clients, and society becomes transformed into a more caring, communal society. While Bells analysis fuses data and argument about the economy, employment, and knowledge, underlying his work is a clear technological determinism. He epitomizes the information society literature by according technology a central role in social change: technological innovation is seen as resulting in social change.   By contrast, sociologists of technology reject the notion that technology is somehow outside society and that technological change causes social change. Rather, they have been concerned to explore how particular social formations  give rise to  (or shape) the development of specific technologies.   6. Manuel Castells The Information Age: Network Society (1996, 1997, 1998) Castells description of the new information age attempts to show the way out of the theoretical maze of the value driven, intricate information society. He proposes a conceptual model of a network with which the most recent phenomena of modern societies can be explored. At the end of the 1990s he finally legitimized the information society as an academic field of research. Manuel Castells three-volume opus (1996, 1997, 1998), as reflected in the title -The Information Age, is a comprehensive scientific work supported by secondary sources and one which originates new concepts. Castells attempts to surpass traditional reasoning by offering a compact and multilayered foundation linking economic-and political, as well as cultural theory. His concern is to provide a cross-cultural theory of economy and society in the information age, specifically in relation to an emerging new social structure. While Castells uses a different term, his work resonates with the tenor of information society debates. Like Bell, Castells documents the demise of traditional, labor-intensive forms of industry and their replacement by flexible production. His account fuses the transformation of capitalism (the growth of globalization) with changing patterns and forms of identity. He argues that, with the rise of the informational mode of development, we are witnessing the emergence of a new socioeconomic paradigm, one with information processing at its core. For Castells, the issue is not information as such, but the informational society the specific form of social organization in w hich information generation, processing, and transmission become the fundamental sources of productivity and power, because of the technological conditions (Castells 1996: 21). In other words, the issue is not simply that information is central to production, but that it permeates society. 6.1 Networks In the informational economy, networks are the new social morphology. Organizations are transforming from bureaucracies to network enterprises, responding to information flows, with economic activity organized by means of fluid project teams. Economic activity becomes spatially dispersed but globally integrated, reducing the strategic significance of place, but enhancing the strategic role of major cities.  Manuel Castells explains the origins of ICT from the perspective of social developments. He argues that the network is the dominant structure of society in the information age: power, money, information and society itself is reproduced in networks. ICT enabled the management of these network structures. In the last quarter of a century, three independent processes came together, ushering in a new social structure predominantly based on networks: 1) the need of the economy for management flexibility and for the globalisation of capital, production and trade; 2) the demands of society in which the values of individual freedom and open communication became paramount; and 3) the extraordinary advances in computing and telecommunications made possible by the micro-electronics revolution. Under these conditions, the Internet became the lever for the transition to a new form of society the network society and with it to a new economy.  Networks have extraordinary advantages as  organizing  tools to coordinate and manage because of their flexibility and adaptability, which allows them to survive and prosper in a fast changing environment. Networks are proliferating in all domains of economy and society. The new economy is based on unprecedented potential for productivity growth as b usinesses use the Internet in all kinds of operations. Within a network society there are territories where valuable nodes of wealth and knowledge tend to form. Innovation tends to be territorially concentrated, and major cities throughout history have been important in cultural creativity and technological innovation.   6. 2 Time and space In contrast with earlier time-space arrangements, there is in terms of flows no distance between nodes on the same network. In other words, geographical distance is irrelevant to connection and communication. So there are fundamental changes to the nature of time and space, with time compressed and almost annihilated; and space shifting to the space of flows: places continue to be the focus of everyday life, rooting culture and transmitting history, but they are overlaid by flows. The network of flows is crucial to domination and change in society: interconnected, global, capitalist networks organize economic activity using IT and are the main sources of power in society. The power of flows in the networks prevails over the flow of power which might be read as some kind of flow determinism. The Internet and computer-mediated communication are seen as transforming the fabric of society though Castells explicitly rejects technological determinism. 6.3 Identity and culture The other main strands of Castellss argument are about identity and culture. The transformation of economies has been accompanied by the decline of traditional, class-based forms of association, particularly the labor movement. At the same time, state power has been eroded and new forms of collective resistance have emerged, notably feminism and environmentalism. The explosion of electronic media, specifically the development and growth of segmented audiences and interactivity, means the growth of customized cottages (as opposed to a global village) and a culture of real virtuality. Although he acknowledges growing inequality, social exclusion, and polarization, Castells, rather like Bell, sees at least the possibility of a positive future, of new forms of communication and the network society offering democratizing possibilities. 6. 4 Discussion on Bell and Castells While Bell focuses his analysis very much on the economy, and Castells provides a remarkably wide-ranging account, the work of these two key analysts of the information society addresses what can be seen as the four core themes of the information society, or of information society debates.  First is the new patterning of work and inequality. This includes debates informed by Bell regarding the decline of manufacturing in western economies, and the growth of information and service sectors; the deskilling debate and the restructuring of work; and the growth of e-commerce. It also includes debates about the growing gulf between the rich and the poor, and social exclusion the digital divide. There is debate about the extent to which lack of access to information is a cause, rather than merely a reflection, of social exclusion. Second is time-space reconfiguration, compression, or convergence different authors use different terms. The shrinking of time and space, examined by Castells, is facilitated by instantaneous electronic communication. Globalization and digital information networks lie at the heart of information society debates. Some invoke McLuhans (1992) notion of the global village and develop this in relation to the Internet, and a large and growing body of literature examines Internet communities, for example those of national diasporas. Multi-channel television and global television flows are key components of global cultural communication. The erosions of boundaries between home and work and public and private are other aspects of time-space reconfiguration. Third is the huge growth of cultural activities, institutions, and practices. Culture has become increasingly significant in contemporary society, and with new ICTs the means to produce, circulate, and exchange culture has expanded enormously. The media and communications industries have a huge economic significance today, paralleling that of physical plant in the industrial era. Far from simply a matter of business and flow, culture connects closely with the constitution of subjectivity, with identity. Fourth, there is a set of issues about the transformation of state power and democracy with the growth of technologies of surveillance. Behavior in public space is routinely observed and recorded on video, while computer systems map personal movements, conversations, e-mail traffic, consumption patterns, networks, and social activities. At the same time, democracy is facilitated by the capacity for many-to-many communication (as opposed to the broadcasting model of one-to-many) and the increasing accessibility of growing amounts of information, with the development of the Internet. New patterns of communication across time and space enhance communication possibilities, and state control of the media is challenged by new technologies satellite but especially the Internet that easily cross national borders. 7. Webster Theories of the Information Society (1995) Frank Webster has a long-standing interest in the effects of new technologies and changes in information and communication. His teaching interests span contemporary societies, social change, sociology, and information, communication and society.   He notes that the information society advocates do not distinguish between quantitative and qualitative measures; they assume that quantitative increases (in information, information industries and occupations, and information flows) transform into qualitative changes in social systems. Webster believes the concept of information society is flawed as a description of the emergence of a new type of society. The criteria for distinguishing an information society are inconsistent and lack clarity, the use of the term information is imprecise, and claims that increases in information lead to significant social changes are based on faulty logic and inadequate evidence. His central objection is that these distinctions are an over-simplification of the processes of change. There are no clear grounds for designating what is an information society or when we will have reached it. If there is just more information, it is hard to suggest why the information society is something radically new. All societies and nation states can be called information societies in so far as they all even pre-Internet have had routines and procedures and means for gathering, storing and controlling information about people. Therefore, more information cannot in itself be held as a break with pr evious social systems.  Ã‚   As such, Webster does not believe we have entered a new information age even as he concedes various points that there have been big changes in society because of changes in technology, networks, and information flows. As a result of his stated biases, he sometimes comes across as more critical of other scholars who he does not agree (Bell, Castells, etc.). However, Frank Webster developed a typology to understand information society theories: five main distinctions have been put forward to characterize an information society: technological, economic, occupational, spatial and cultural.   7.1 Technological vision   From the technological perspective, we live in an information society since information and telecommunication technologies play a constantly expanding role in all fields of social existence, which has shaken the foundations of social structures and processes and resulted in massive changes in politics, economy, culture, and everyday life. Most of the attempts made to define information society approach the idea from a technological point of view hence the central question of such explorations sounds like: What kind of new information and communication technology was constructed in recent decades that determined the infrastructure of information society? The key idea is that the breakthrough in information processing, storage and transmission led to the application of information technologies (IT) in all societies, e.g. sale and usage of computers, cell phones, etc. Awed by the pace and magnitude of technological change, there is an assumption that the computer revolution will have an overwhelming impact on every human being on earth. Computer technology is to the information age what mechanization was to the industrial revolution. New technologies are one of the most visible indicators of a new age, and therefore are often taken as signals of an information society. The rapid growth of the Internet especially the information superhighway, and the spread of national, international and global information networks has been held as a key development. Many government studies have tried to track the growth in volumes of communication and information across these networks. They contend that ICTs represent the establishment of a new epoch , which despite short-term difficulties will be economically beneficial over the longer term.  The most important question, however, is the one that focuses on the relationship between technology and society. What is the optimum technological impact on social life that can achieve a qualitative change? Are we justified in relying on modernizing political initiatives and the theories of futurologists who claim that technology is the only means to change social procedures and the functioning of society, when their objective is to expand the use of technology in the public sphere? 7.2 Occupational vision Many OECD and EU documents on the information society focus on the occupational aspect of the information society. An emergence of an information society is measured by the focus on occupational change: the shift is towards the information work. Information society is seen in overwhelming members of clerks, teachers, lawyers, etc. vis-à  -vis the manual labours, such as mine workers, builders, farm labourers, etc. Labour market is today dominated by information operatives who possess the information needed to get things done. A clear emergence of white-collar society (Information work) and a decline of industrial labour (blue-collared workers).  Occupational change is often taken as another indicator of an information society. The occupational structure is examined over time and patterns of change are observed. Arguments here are based on the assumption that if most forms of work involve information we have achieved an information society. The decline of manufacturing or industria l work is taken as a further signal of change. This conception of the information society is quite different from the one based on technologies, since it suggests that it is the transformative power of information rather than of information technologies that is spurring change. 7.3 Economic vision   Technological innovation is central for increasing productivity and thus for growth of economics and competition between economies. It is commonplace today to contend that we have evolved into a society which accepts that knowledge had become the foundation of the modern economy. We have shifted from the economy of goods to a knowledge economy. The assumption is that knowledge and organization are the prime creators of wealth. Economy-based approaches track the growth in economic value of information-r